Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Durkheim argued that as ________ decreased, crime and deviance would
increase. a. | legitimate
opportunity | b. | social
cohesion | c. | relative
deprivation | d. | stable
communities | e. | class
mixing | | |
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2.
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For
________, strain arose from the gap between goals and means, or aspirations and
expectations. a. | Durkheim | b. | Sutherland | c. | Lombroso | d. | Merton | e. | Hirschi | | |
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3.
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Merton
shifted Durkheim’s concept of anomie from one of generalized normlessness to one
of: a. | relative deprivation | b. | reaction formation | c. | illegitimate opportunity | d. | social control | e. | anomie | | |
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4.
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In
order to understand strain theories, it is important to distinguish between cultural factors and
structural factors. A cultural factor would be: a. | blocked opportunity | b. | inequality | c. | racial discrimination | d. | an emphasis on the pursuit of
wealth | e. | all of the
above | | |
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5.
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The
important contribution made by S. Kobrin was drawing the attention of criminologists to the idea
that: a. | opportunity to achieve goals may be
blocked | b. | society is
unfair | c. | Merton’s
theory could be applied to corporate crime | d. | opportunities to break the law are differently distributed,
as are legitimate opportunities | e. | none of the above | | |
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6.
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Cloward
and Ohlin go beyond Merton and Kobrin by realizing that: a. | there are different types of illegitimate
opportunities | b. | there are
different types of legitimate opportunities | c. | there are different ways of adapting to
strain | d. | the middle-class
measuring rod works against many lower-class students | e. | a and c | | |
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7.
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Drug
use is most likely to be found in: a. | a criminal subculture | b. | a conflict subculture | c. | a transitional subculture | d. | a retreatist subculture | e. | a traditional subculture | | |
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8.
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Criminal capital refers to: a. | knowledge about how to succeed at your
job | b. | knowledge about
how to sell stolen goods or how to use burglary tools | c. | language skills | d. | skills required to do well in
school | e. | none of the
above | | |
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9.
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Albert
Cohen adds a dynamic or interactive element to strain theory when he introduces the concept(s)
of: a. | middle-class measuring
rod | b. | illegitimate
opportunity structures | c. | mutual conversion | d. | reaction formation | e. | c and d | | |
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10.
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The
strongest criticism of strain theory is that a. | the theory depends on official statistics of crime and
delinquency | b. | it assumes
commonality of goals | c. | it neglects differing illegitimate
opportunities | d. | it focuses only on
the lower class | e. | all of the above | | |
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11.
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Albert
Cohen believed that juvenile crime arose from: a. | too much focus on aspirations | b. | a reaction to their failure to meet middle-class
standards | c. | weak social
bonds | d. | differential
association | e. | a difficult family
life | | |
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12.
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Braithwaite’s research supports the notion that: a. | school failure increases the likelihood of
delinquency | b. | poverty causes
crime | c. | spatial mixing of
economic classes reduces crime | d. | deterrence works | e. | none of the above | | |
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13.
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The War
on Poverty, a crime prevention strategy adopted in the United States during the 1960s, was based
on: a. | control theory | b. | differential theory | c. | conflict theory | d. | strain theory | e. | radical theory | | |
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14.
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The
concept of mutual conversion suggests that: a. | various people may become delinquent at the same
time | b. | becoming
delinquent is similar to a religious experience | c. | young people may influence each other to become
delinquent | d. | crime skills are
shared | e. | people in a
community share the same values | | |
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